DevOps is a new term emerging from the collision of two major related trends. The first was also called “agile infrastructure” or “agile operations”; it sprang from applying Agile and Lean approaches to operations work. The second is a
Here are some important interview questions on DevOps:
1. What is DevOps?
2. Name the popular scripting language of DevOps?
Answer: Python
3. Discuss your experience building bridges between IT Ops, QA and development?
4
5. Which scripting languages do you think are most important for a DevOps engineer?
6. How do you expect you would be required to multitask as a DevOps professional?
Answer : Focus attention on bridging communication gaps between Development and Operations teams.
Understand system design from an architect’s perspective, software development from a developer’s perspective, operations and infrastructure from the perspective of a seasoned Systems Administrator.
Execute – to be able to actually do what needs to be done.
7. What testing is necessary to ensure that a new service is ready for production?
Answer : DevOps is all about continuous testing throughout the process, starting with development through to production. Everyone shares the testing responsibility. This ensures that developers are delivering code that doesn’t have any errors and is of high quality, and it also helps everyone leverage their time most effectively.
8. What’s a PTR in DNS?
Answer : Pointer records are used to map a network interface (IP) to a hostname. These are primarily used for reverse DNS. Reverse DNS is
9. Describe two-factor authentication?
Answer : Two-factor authentication is a security process in which the user provides two means of identification from separate categories of credentials; one is typically a physical token, such as a card, and the other is typically something memorized, such as a security code.
10. Which are the best DevOps instruments?
Answer : The most popular DevOps tools are mentioned below:
Puppet, Chef,
11. What are your desires from a career viewpoint of DevOps?
12. Clarify a few of the measurements that were taken after for DevOps success.
The first and most important factor is the speed of delivery which means time taken for any work item to get into the production environment.
Next would be the deployment and how much time it would take once this process is automated.
It is almost necessary to track how many defects are found in different environments with respect to the PRODUCTION environment. This is very important in considering the features that need to be released faster. Use of Agile methodologies helps a lot and the prime goal is to reduce PRODUCTION level defects.
Normally deployments do not fail but it is very important to keep a track on this aspect and have a mechanism to roll back to the previous stable version.
In any DevOps implementation, unit testing is the key as well as functional testing. Based on the code changes done, often we need to look at whether these test break and to what extent. It is imperative that the automated test is robust enough to sustain any code changes.
It is very important to measure the actual or the average time that it takes to recover in case of a failure in the PRODUCTION environment. This is termed as Mean Time To Recover (MTTR) and it should be short. This also means that one needs to have proper monitoring tools to keep the recovery time short.
Performance of the application is another key metric which should be monitored especially after any deployments are done.
A very important factor for success is the number of bugs being reported by the customers which primarily depends on the quality of the application.
13. Have you been included in DevOps execution within the cloud? On the off chance that yes which cloud computing stage?
AWS – Amazon Web Services
Microsoft Azure
Google Cloud
14. Explain the typical roles involved in DevOps.
DevOps Engineer – The person should be experienced with Agile, SCM or Version Control, CI /CD and setting up automation tools for the same, Infrastructure automation and Database management skills. Any developer who has skills in coding or scripting and has the acumen to get into deployment or system admin can qualify for the role of a DevOps engineer.
15. Which scripting tools are used in DevOps?
Answer : Python, Ruby
16. What is configuration management in terms of infrastructure and mention a few popular tools used?
Answer : Configuration management consists of practices and the various tools involved to automate the delivery and infrastructure operations. It is all about keeping the server ready (E.g. Installing system packages, network configuration settings) for application deployment once the application is developed.
So the Ops or the system admin needs to ensure parity in different environments (Dev, QA, PROD etc…) by provisioning the systems.
Tools Used in this space to automate the tasks of configuration management described above are Chef / Puppet / Ansible
17. Explain a few prerequisites that are useful for DevOps implementation.
Answer : Typically the pre-requisites would include:
Commitment at the senior level in the organization.
Need for change to be communicated across the organization.
Version control software.
Automated tools for compliance to process.
Automated Testing
Automated Deployment
18. What are the key components of DevOps?
Answer : Continuous Integration
Continuous Testing
Continuous Delivery
Continuous Monitoring
19. Explain Continuous Integration.
Answer : Continuous Integration may be
Once the code is committed, at that point the whole work of designers is well coordinates and the construct is performed on a standard premise based on each check-in or plan. Subsequently, Nonstop Integration as a hone forces the engineer to coordinated their changes with the others so as to induce
20. Explain Continuous Delivery.
Answer : Continuous Delivery is an extension of Continuous Integration which primarily helps to get the features which the developers are developing out to the end users as soon as possible. During this process, it goes through various stages of QA, Staging etc., and then for delivery to the PRODUCTION system.
21. Explain Continuous Testing.
Hence, we need to validate that the code produced and integrated with all the developers who perform as required.
22. Explain Continuous Monitoring.
23
24. What is Pair Programming?
One programmer acting as a “driver”, and the other acting as an “observer” who continuously watches/monitors to identify problems. Both roles can be exchanged at any point of time without any handoff.
25. What are the advantages of Pair Programming?
26. What is Test Driven Development (TDD)?
TDD is a practice where you write code to address a failing test case. It is not only considered as a testing
TDD starts with taking customer requirements, writing test cases and running the code against test cases. Test Cases fail as there is no code to address the test scenario; then, you write a simple code to PASS the test case.
27. What are the advantages of Test Driven Development?
Refactoring code can be done confidently.
Eventually, the complete code in your application is well tested;
Note: TDD is only as good as its tests. If the tests are not reflecting the requirements,
To know more about Test Driven Development, you can refer to-
‘Test Driven Development: A Practical GUIDE – David Astels.’
28. What is a build?
29. What is Continuous Integration?
Developer commits his changes
CI server polls Version Control repository every few minutes for changes.
CI server picks up changes and kicks off the build script.
Build scripts run and CI server generates a feedback based on the output of build script.
Feedback is checked to ensure that the build has run successfully; if not, the developer addresses the issue.
CI server keeps polling the Version Control Repository for more changes.
30. What are the benefits of Continuous Integration?
Answer : Software is deployable at any time. Having an immediate feedback mechanism helps the developers to quickly act if there are any issues.
Software quality increases as defects are prevented from being integrated.
Due to automated inspection and testing, software health can be tracked easily.
Results of the builds are published, which highlight the test cases that have failed.
Accountability of code is always recorded
31. What are Design Patterns?
Answer : In simple terms, Design Patterns are the solution to problems faced by developers- they represent the best practices that are used by developers. Design Patterns help an inexperienced developer to learn easily and quickly. Design Patterns have standard terminologies addressing specific scenario.
There are mainly 3 types of Design Patterns:
Creational: addresses design problems.
Structural: simplifies relationships between objects.
Behavioral: simplifies how objects interact with each other.
32. What is Component Based Development?
Answer : In CBD approach; unlike traditional way of development, developers look for existing well defined, tested and verified components to compose and assemble them to a product, instead of developing it from scratch.
33. What is Continuous Deployment?
Answer : Continuous Deployment is majorly about instrumenting the most important steps within the project life-cycle when moving code from quality assurance step to production environment. Continuous Deployment is a critical capability to enable in the continuous delivery pipeline. There are several patterns that enable the nature of Continuous DevOps deployment.
34. What is Blue/Green Deployment Pattern?
Answer : Blue/Green Deployment pattern addresses one of the most important challenges faced by automatic deployments; i.e., the cutover from final stage of testing to live production. Ensuring this cutover happens quickly is the best way to reduce system downtime.
In Blue/Green Deployment approach, the team first ensures two identical production environments; but, only one among them is LIVE at any given point of time.
The LIVE environment is considered as Blue environment, and as the team prepares the next release of their software, they conduct their final stage of testing; considering it as Green environment. Once the team completes their final round of testing, they utilize some sort of tools which enable the user requests directly to the new Green environment. The Blue environment is considered as idle. The basic idea here is to easily switch between the environments.
35. hat are the Advantages of Blue/Green Deployment Pattern?
Answer :
A stand-by production node is always running.
Allows rollback testing with every release.
Rollback option is always available.
36. What are the Disadvantages of Blue/Green Deployment Pattern?
Answer :
Cost of maintaining 2 production environments.
Databases are a challenge that may require refactoring.
37. What is Canary Release?
Answer : Canary release is a pattern that reduces the risk of introducing a new version of software into production; this is done by making it available in a controlled manner to a subset of users before making it available to the entire user set.
In this pattern, the team deploys the new version only to a subset of the infrastructure, where there are no user request routed. Once the team is happy with the performance tests, they start routing a selected group of users to the application. As and when they feel confident, the company can release more servers as the team also routes more user requests.
38.What are the Advantages of Canary Release?
Answer :
Slow Ramp-up/down helps in monitoring/metrics.
Ability to do capacity testing.
Very safe rollback strategy.
39.What are the Disadvantages of Canary Release?
Answer :
Managing more than one software at a time.
Hard to work on distributed software.
40. What is the importance of Continuous Testing?
Answer : Continuous Testing actually means testing earlier across the software development life cycle by enabling ongoing testing and verification of the code; so that it ensures the code actually functions and performs as designed.
41. What is Functional Testing and Non-functional Testing?
On the other hand, non-functional testing focuses on performance, security, compatibility, usability, user experience, resource utilization, etc.
42. What are the foundational pillars of DevOps Testing?
Embrace testing early and ensure production readiness at all times.
Utilize proven technologies and patterns.
Apply appropriate
43. What
White box testing is done at the unit and component level of testing; whereas, black box testing is done at the system and acceptance level of testing.
White box testing essentially needs some programming languages; whereas, black box testing may or may not need any programming skills.
44. What are the types of testing frameworks available in the market?
Modular Testing Frameworks: Aligns itself closely to the module structure of the application that is targeted for testing. Individual modules have their own test scripts and can be built hierarchically into larger and larger sets.
Advantage: It is very easy and quick going.
Disadvantage: Data gets embedded in test scripts, which in turn makes it tough to maintain.
Advantage: Requires less number of test scripts over
Disadvantage: There still exists tight coupling between data and scripts.
Keyword Driven Testing Frameworks: It requires
Advantage: More flexible as both Data and Keywords can be reused across the scripts.
Disadvantage: Flexibility comes at the cost of complexity.
Hybrid Testing Frameworks: Tends to take the best of the other frameworks mentioned above and combines to a structured framework.
Advantage: Incorporates all the testing framework approaches.
Disadvantage: Very complex.
45. Name some automation testing frameworks you know.
46. What is Resilience Test?
Hystrix: An open source tool, which has latency and fault tolerance libraries, designed to isolate points of access to remote systems and services.
Chaos Monkey: Developed by Netflix to randomly disable parts of the system and simulate production failures.
47. What is Configuration Management?
48. What is Version Control?
There are two types of Version Control Systems:
Centralized Version Control System
Distributed Version Control System
49. What do you know about Git?
Advantages:
Git is a free and open source software.
There is no single point of failure.
No need of
Git has the hash key mechanism to authenticate users.
Easy and Fast
As there are multiple copies of the code, probability of losing data is very less.
50
Answer : Let’s suppose, a user is working on one of the features and suddenly a customer escalates an issue.
Commands:
$] git stash
To see the list of stash
$] git stash list
To get back the stashed files to
$] git stash pop
51. What is git rebase?
52. What is git stash drop?
53. How do you create a new repository in git?
54. How can one know the branches that are already merged into the master branch?
Answer :
git branch -merged master lists branches merged into master.
git branch -no-merged lists branches that have not been merged.
55. What Is Amazon Web Services In
56. What Is The Role Of A
57. What Is
58. What Is
59. How Do You Handle Continuous Integration And Continuous Delivery In Aws
Start with AWS Code Pipeline to build a continuous integration or continuous delivery workflow that uses AWS Code Build, AWS Code Deploy, and other tools, or use each service separately.
60. What Is Aws Code Pipeline In Aws
Answer : AWS Code Pipeline is a continuous integration and continuous delivery service for fast and reliable application and infrastructure updates. Code Pipeline builds, tests, and deploys your code every time there is a code change, based on the release process models you define. This enables you to rapidly and reliably deliver features and updates.
61. What Is Aws Code Build In Aws Devops?
Answer : AWS Code Build is a fully managed build service that compiles source code, runs tests, and produces software packages that are ready to deploy. With Code Build, you don’t need to provision, manage, and scale your own build servers. Code Build scales continuously and processes multiple builds concurrently, so your builds are not left waiting in a queue.
62. What Is Aws Code Deploy In Aws Devops?
Answer : AWS Code Deploy automates code deployments to any instance, including Amazon EC2 instances and on-premises servers. AWS Code Deploy makes it easier for you to rapidly release new features, helps you avoid downtime during application deployment, and handles the complexity of updating your applications.
63. What Is Aws Code Star In Aws Devops?
Answer : AWS Code Star enables you to quickly develop, build, and deploy applications on AWS. AWS Code Star provides a unified user interface, enabling you to easily manage your software development activities in one place. With AWS Code Star, you can set up your entire continuous delivery tool chain in minutes, allowing you to start releasing code faster.
64. How Instacart Uses Aws Devops?
Answer : Instacart uses AWS Code Deploy to automate deployments for all of its front-end and back-end services. Using AWS Code Deploy has enabled Instacart developers to focus on their product and worry less about deployment operations.
65. How Lulu Lemon Athletic Uses Aws Devops?
Answer : Lulu lemon athletic uses a variety of AWS services to engineer a fully automated, continuous integration and delivery system. Lulu lemon deploys artifacts distributed via Amazon S3 using AWS Code Pipeline. From this stage, the artifacts are deployed to AWS Elastic Beanstalk.
66. What Is Amazon Elastic Container Service In Aws Devops?
Answer : Amazon Elastic Container Service (ECS) is a highly scalable, high performance container management service that supports Docker containers and allows you to easily run applications on a managed cluster of Amazon EC2 instances.
67. What Is Aws Lambda In Aws Devops?
Answer : AWS Lambda lets you run code without provisioning or managing servers. With Lambda, you can run code for virtually any type of application or backend service – all with zero administration. Just upload your code and Lambda takes care of everything required to run and scale your code with high availability.
68. What Are Aws Developer Tools?
Answer : The AWS Developer Tools is a set of services designed to enable developers and IT operations professionals practicing DevOps to rapidly and safely deliver software.
Together, these services help you securely store and version control your application’s source code and automatically build, test, and deploy your application to AWS or your on-premises environment. You can use AWS Code Pipeline to orchestrate an end-to-end software release workflow using these services and third-party tools or integrate each service independently with your existing tools.
69. What Is Code Commit In Aws Devops?
Answer : AWS Code Commit is a fully-managed source control service that makes it easy for companies to host secure and highly scalable private Git repositories. Code Commit eliminates the need to operate your own source control system or worry about scaling its infrastructure. You can use Code Commit to securely store anything from source code to binaries, and it works seamlessly with your existing Git tools.
70. What Are The Benefits Of Aws Code Build In Aws Devops?
Answer : AWS Code Build is a fully managed build service that compiles source code, runs tests, and produces software packages that are ready to deploy. With Code Build, you don’t need to provision, manage, and scale your own build servers.
Code Build scales continuously and processes multiple builds concurrently, so your builds are not left waiting in a queue. You can get started quickly by using prepackaged build environments, or you can create custom build environments that use your own build tools. With Code Build, you are charged by the minute for the computer resources you use.
AWS Code Build Benefits:
Fully Managed Build Service – AWS Code Build eliminates the need to set up, patch, update, and manage your own build servers and software. There is no software to install or manage.
Continuous Scaling – AWS Code Build scales automatically to meet your build volume. It immediately processes each build you submit and can run separate builds concurrently, which means your builds are not left waiting in a queue.
Pay as You Go – With AWS Code Build, you are charged based on the number of minutes it takes to complete your build.
Extensible – You can bring your own build tools and programming runtimes to use with AWS Code Build by creating customized build environments in addition to the prepackaged build tools and runtimes supported by Code Build.
Enables Continuous Integration and Delivery – AWS Code Build belongs to a family of AWS Code Services, which you can use to create complete, automated software release workflows for continuous integration and delivery (CI/CD). You can also integrate Code Build into your existing CI/CD workflow.
Secure – With AWS Code Build, your build artifacts are encrypted with customer-specific keys that are managed by the AWS Key Management Service (KMS). Code Build is integrated with AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM), so you can assign user-specific permissions to your build projects.
71. What Is Amazon S3 In Aws
72. What Is Amazon Rds In Aws
73. What Is Amazon Quick Sight In Aws
74. What Is Aws
75. What Are The Benefits Of Aws Code Deploy In Aws
AWS Code Deploy makes it easier for you to rapidly release new features, helps you avoid downtime during application deployment, and handles the complexity of updating your applications.
AWS Code Deploy Benefits:
Automated Deployments – AWS Code Deploy fully automates your software deployments, allowing you to deploy reliably and rapidly. You can consistently deploy your application across your development, test, and production environments whether deploying to Amazon EC2, AWS Lambda, or instances running on-premises. The service scales with your infrastructure so you can deploy to one Lambda function or thousands of EC2 instances.
Minimize Downtime – AWS Code Deploy helps maximize your application availability during the software deployment process. It introduces changes incrementally and tracks application health according to configurable rules. Software deployments can easily be stopped and rolled back if there are errors.
Centralized Control – AWS Code Deploy allows you to easily launch and track the status of your application deployments through the AWS Management Console or the AWS CLI. Code Deploy gives you a detailed report allowing you to view when and to where each application revision was deployed.
Easy To Adopt – AWS Code Deploy is platform and language agnostic, works with any application, and provides the same experience whether you’re deploying to Amazon EC2 or AWS Lambda. You can easily reuse your existing setup code. Code Deploy can also integrate with your existing software release process or continuous delivery
76. What Is Vpc?
So basically you can say that Amazon VPC is the networking layer for AWS Infrastructure.
77. Describe three DevOps anti-patterns
The first DevOps anti-pattern mentioned leads to the second one, which is failing to include all aspects
of the organization in an ongoing DevOps transition. Organizations embarking upon a DevOps
organization — from IT executives to project managers to members of the security and hardware
provisioning teams — embrace and employ DevOps practices.
Another common anti-pattern is not defining KPIs at the start of a DevOps transition. Without
identifying important DevOps KPIs and creating a baseline at the start of the journey, it is impossible to
evaluate success and identify failures.
78. Name three important DevOps KPIs.
KPIs are:
•
• deployment frequency
• percentage of failed deployments
79. The acronym CAMS is often used to describe the core tenets of DevOps. What does it stand
for?
80. Is a culture change a requirement or a result of doing DevOps?
Answer : The term culture describes the processes and practices people use. And culture can only change when people change the processes and practices they routinely employ. The introduction of distributed
version control system tools, such as Git, deployments with Docker instead of the use of monolithic
application servers, and the use of CI tools, such as Jenkins or Maven, in the software development
lifecycle will result in a culture change. But these changes are the result of the introduction of new
DevOps tools, not a prerequisite.
Any cultural change that DevOps precipitates
processes. It is not an input.
It should be noted that many DevOps evangelists would take serious umbrage with this sample DevOps
interview question and answer. Be prepared to argue and defend both sides of the culture argument.
81. What Is Amazon Ec2 In Aws
Answer: Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) is a web service that provides secure, resizable compute capacity in the cloud. It is designed to make web-scale cloud computing easier for developers.
82. Is a culture change a requirement or a result of doing DevOps?
Answer : The term culture describes the processes and practices people use. And culture can only change when people change the processes and practices they routinely employ. The introduction of distributed
version control system tools, such as Git, deployments with Docker instead of the use of monolithic
application servers, and the use of CI tools, such as Jenkins or Maven, in the software development
lifecycle will result in a culture change. But these changes are the result of the introduction of new
DevOps tools, not a prerequisite.
Any cultural change that DevOps precipitates
processes. It is not an input.
It should be noted that many DevOps evangelists would take serious umbrage with this sample DevOps
interview question and answer. Be prepared to argue and defend both sides of the culture argument.
83.Describe branching strategies you have used.
Answer : This question is asked to test your branching experience so tell them about how you have used branching in your previous job and what purpose does it serves, you can refer the below points:
Feature branching
A feature branch model keeps all of the changes for a particular feature inside of a branch. When the feature is fully tested and validated by automated tests, the branch is then merged into master.
Task branching
In this
Release branching
Once the develop branch has acquired enough features for a release, you can clone that branch to form a Release branch. Creating this branch starts the next release cycle, so no new features can be added after this point, only bug fixes, documentation generation, and other release-oriented tasks should go in this branch. Once it is ready to ship, the release gets merged into master and tagged with a version number. In addition, it should be merged back into develop branch, which may have progressed since the release was initiated.
In the
84. Explain how you can move or copy Jenkins from one server to another?
Answer : I will approach this task by copying the jobs directory from the old server to the new one. There are multiple ways to do that; I have mentioned them below:
You can:
Move a job from one installation of Jenkins to another by simply copying the corresponding job directory.
Make a copy of an existing job by making a clone of a job directory by a different name.
Rename an existing job by renaming a directory. Note that if you change a job name you will need to change any other job that tries to call the renamed job.
85. Explain how can create a backup and copy files in Jenkins?
Answer : Answer to this question is really direct. To create a backup, all you need to do is to periodically back up your JENKINS_HOME directory. This contains all of your build jobs configurations, your slave node configurations, and your build history. To create a back-up of your Jenkins setup, just copy this directory. You can also copy a job directory to clone or replicate a job or rename the directory.
86. Explain how you can setup Jenkins job?
Answer : My approach to this answer will be to first mention how to create Jenkins job. Go to Jenkins top page, select “New Job”, then choose “Build a free-style software project”.
Then you can tell the elements of this freestyle job:
Optional SCM, such as CVS or Subversion where your source code resides.
Optional triggers to control when Jenkins will perform builds.
Some sort of build script that performs the build (ant, maven, shell script, batch file, etc.) where the real work happens.
Optional steps to collect information out of the build, such as archiving the
Optional steps to notify other people/systems with the build result, such as sending e-mails, IMs, updating issue tracker, etc..
87. Mention some of the useful plugins in Jenkins.
Answer : Below, I have mentioned some important Plugins:
Maven 2 project
Amazon EC2
HTML publisher
Copy artifact
Join
Green Balls
These Plugins, I feel are the most useful plugins. If you want to include any other Plugin that is not mentioned above, you can add them as well. But, make sure you first mention the above stated plugins and then add your own.
88. How will you secure Jenkins?
Answer : The way I secure Jenkins is mentioned below. If you have any other way of doing it, please mention it in the comments section below:
Ensure global security is on.
Ensure that Jenkins is integrated with my company’s user directory with
Ensure that
Automate the process of setting rights/privileges in Jenkins with
Limit physical access to Jenkins data/folders.
Periodically run security audits on same.
89. What is Automation Testing?
Answer : Automation testing or Test Automation is a process of automating the manual process to test the application/system under test. Automation testing involves use of separate testing tools which lets you create test scripts which can be executed repeatedly and doesn’t require any manual intervention.
90. What are the benefits of Automation Testing?
Answer : I have listed down some advantages of automation testing. Include these in your answer and you can add your own experience of how Continuous Testing helped your previous company:
Supports execution of repeated test cases
Aids in testing a large test matrix
Enables parallel execution
Encourages unattended execution
Improves accuracy thereby reducing
Saves time and money
91. How to automate Testing in DevOps lifecycle?
Answer : I have mentioned a generic flow below which you can refer to:
In DevOps, developers are required to commit all the changes made in the source code to a shared repository. Continuous Integration tools like Jenkins will pull the code from this shared repository every time a change is made in the code and deploy it for Continuous Testing that is done by tools like Selenium
92. What are the Testing types supported by Selenium?
Answer : Selenium supports two types of testing:
Regression Testing: It is the act of retesting a product around an area where a bug was fixed.
Functional Testing: It refers to the testing of software features (functional points) individually.
93. What is Selenium IDE?
Answer : My suggestion is to start this answer by defining Selenium IDE. It is an integrated development environment for Selenium scripts. It is implemented as a Firefox extension, and allows you to record, edit, and debug tests. Selenium IDE includes the entire Selenium Core, allowing you to easily and quickly record and play back tests in the actual environment that they will run in.
Now include some advantages in your answer. With autocomplete support and the ability to move commands around quickly, Selenium IDE is the ideal environment for creating Selenium tests no matter what style of tests you prefer.
94. What is the difference between Assert and Verify commands in Selenium?
Answer : I have mentioned differences between Assert and Verify commands below:
Assert command checks whether the given condition is true or false. Let’s say we assert whether the given element is present on the web page or not. If the condition is true, then the program control will execute the next test step. But, if the condition is false, the execution would stop and no further test would be executed.
Verify command also checks whether the given condition is true or false. Irrespective of the condition being true or false, the program execution doesn’t halts i.e. any failure during verification would not stop the execution and all the test steps would be executed.
96. How to launch Browser using WebDriver?
Answer : The following syntax can be used to launch Browser:
WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
WebDriver driver = new InternetExplorerDriver();
97. When should I use Selenium Grid?
Answer : For this answer, my suggestion would be to give a small definition of Selenium Grid. It can be used to execute same or different test scripts on multiple platforms and browsers concurrently to achieve distributed test execution. This allows testing under different environments and saving execution time remarkably.
98. What is Ansible module?
Answer : Modules are considered to be the units of work in Ansible. Each module is mostly standalone and can be written in a standard scripting language such as Python, Perl, Ruby, bash, etc.. One of the guiding properties of modules is idempotency, which means that even if an operation is repeated multiple times e.g. upon recovery from an outage, it will always place the system into the same state.
99. What are playbooks in Ansible?
Answer : Playbooks are Ansible’s configuration, deployment, and orchestration language. They can describe a policy you want your remote systems to enforce, or a set of steps in a general IT process. Playbooks are designed to be human-readable and are developed in a basic text language.
At a basic level, playbooks can be used to manage configurations of and deployments to remote machines.
100. How do I see a list of all of the ansible_ variables?
Answer : Ansible by default gathers “facts” about the machines under management, and these facts can be accessed in Playbooks and in templates. To see a list of all of the facts that are available about a machine, you can run the “setup” module as an ad-hoc action:
Ansible -m setup hostname
This will print out a dictionary of all of the facts that are available for that particular host
101. Can I refresh static components of a deployed application without having to redeploy the entire application?
Answer : Yes, you can use weblogic.Deployer to specify a component and target a server, using the following syntax:
java weblogic.Deployer -adminurl https://admin:7001 -name appname -targets server1,server2 -deploy jsps/*.jsp
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